以水稻为主的种植系统对土壤有机质状况的影响

A long-term simulation experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice-based cropping system, green manure and ground-water level on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content increased when upland soil was puddled and cropped under submerged conditions. Among all treatments, soil organic matter contents in the treatments of rice-rice-flooded fallow in winter (WF) were the highest, those in the treatments of rice-rice-astragalus (WG) came the second, and those in the treatments of rice-rice-rape (WR) were the lowest. At the same rate of green manure application, the degrees of organo-mineral complexing in soils of treatments WG and WR were higher than those of treatment WF. After 9-year rice cultivation, the state of combination of humus in heavy fraction varied with treatments. The relative content of loosely bonded humus decreased in the order of WR > WG > WF, and it correlated significantly with Se availability.     

麦/玉两熟区农作模式分析及轮耕模式探讨

从20世纪90年代初期起,以少/免耕为主体的耕作模式在麦/玉两熟区得到大面积推广应用。经过近15年的耕作栽培,少/免耕充分显示了它省时省工、高效环保的作用,但是与此同时一系列弊端也日益显露。对宁晋县百户农民耕作意愿调查的结果显示,在长期少/免耕后小麦产量和经济效益有所下降,而应在免耕3～5年以后对土壤进行深耕翻。对比麦/玉种植模式与马铃薯/棉花套作的经济效益,以轮作实现轮耕是麦/玉两熟区耕作模式发展方向。     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

Carbohydrate dynamics in particle-size fractions of sandy spodosols following forest conversion to maize cropping

In southwest France, much of the forested land on sandy spodosols has been converted to continuous maize cropping in the last few decades. To evaluate the impacts of this change on soil organic matter properties, we compared total organic C and neutral and amino sugars content in whole soil and particle size separates of two forested, and five related sites that had been either clear-cut for 12 and 18 mo, or cultivated to maize for 4-22 yr. Soil carbohydrates accounted for 4-7% of the total organic C across all sites. Soil organic C contents of clear-cut and cultivated sites were only 57-79% of the average value measured in forested sites. Accordingly, carbohydrate content of clear-cut and cultivated sites were only 35-66% of the value in forested sites. Ordering the sites in a chronosequence indicated that both total organic C and carbohydrate contents decreased with an increase in time elapsed since clear-cutting and maize cultivation. The only exception was a partial recovery of carbohydrate content in the site that had been under continuous maize for 22 yr. The clay+silt fraction (0-50 μm) was enriched in carbohydrates, mainly of microbial origin, whereas the sand size fractions (50-200 and 200-2000 μm) contained fewer carbohydrates which were mainly of plant origin. Monosaccharide analysis of particle size separates revealed significant differences in carbohydrate composition between sites. Relative to forested sites, the coarse and fine sand fractions in clear-cut and cultivated sites were depleted in carbohydrates and were relatively enriched in plant-derived carbohydrates. Carbohydrate content of the clay+silt fraction drastically decreased upon clear-cutting. Amino sugar content was consistently lower in clear-cut and cultivated sites than in forested sites, indicating that microbial populations were negatively affected by clear-cutting and cultivation. The fungal population appeared more sensitive than bacteria to these land-use changes as indicated by a greater decline in glucosamine than in muramic acid contents.     

Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat)

The methanogenic populations able to use H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate were investigated in paddy field soil in situ under double cropping conditions [rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a summer crop under flooded conditions and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an upland winter crop] over 2 years approximately bimonthly by the most probable number method. Three fields, one without fertilizer, one treated with inorganic fertilizer (mixed fertilizer including urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulfate), and one treated with wheat straw plus inorganic fertilizer, were examined. The population of H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate utilizers in the paddy field soil at a depth of 1–6 cm was 10³–10⁴, 10⁴–10⁵, and 10⁴–10⁵ g^-1 dry soil, respectively. These values were almost constant during the 2 years irrespective of moisture regime (flooded or nonflooded), crop (rice or wheat), fertilizer treatment, and soil depth (0–1, 1–10, and 10–20 cm).     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

中国设施栽培系统中的养分管理

设施栽培养分管理是设施农业系统的重要组成部分,根据近年来我国设施农业在养分管理方面的研究进展,从设施栽培养分投入和土壤养分累积两个方面阐述了我国设施栽培养分管理现状,指出了由于不合理养分管理导致的设施栽培土壤盐分大量积累、营养元素间比例失调、设施蔬菜品质下降以及造成的环境污染等问题,并针对上述问题提出了加强设施栽培养分管理的一些具体对策及措施。     

基于多时相遥感信息的中国农业种植制度空间格局研究

多熟种植是中国重要的种植制度，对保持和增加粮食产量和促进农村经济发展有重要意义。复种指数受自然条件和农村社会状况的影响处于不断变化之中，及时获取其变化信息对估计粮食产量变化及其原因和农业发展科学决策有非常重要的意义。中国地域辽阔，作物种植制度复杂多样，传统的统计方法不能及时满足政府获取种植制度变化的要求。卫星遥感是探测大尺度土地覆被格局及变化最有效手段，因此可以作为获取区域和全国尺度作物复种指数的一个重要途径。该研究探讨了应用多时相遥感数据定量表达全国种植制度信息提取的方法及可行性，采用峰值特征点检测法结合作物生长季相特征及农田管理特点(播种和收获)提取了中国农田的多熟种植信息，并与统计数据的复种指数进行比较验证，为进一步进行农业种植制度变化研究奠定了基础。     

低丘红壤花生南酸枣间作系统研究 IV.光能竞争与剪枝作用

农林间作导致间作花生区域光合有效辐射和花生产量的下降,而且花生产量与光合有效辐射呈极显著正相关,表明了光能竞争是导致农林间作花生产量下降的主要原因。2001年6月初剪枝后,5龄和9龄南酸枣间作系统花生相对光合有效辐射分别从5月份的79.2%和63.4%增加到88.7%和67.5%; 但随着南酸枣生长,5龄和9龄南酸枣间作系统中7月份的花生相对光合有效辐射又下降到80.8%和65.7%。2001年剪枝以后,5龄南酸枣和9龄南酸枣间作系统花生相对产量分别由2000年的64.1%和55.4%提高到68.2%和58.1%。这表明剪枝在短期内能在一定程度上减轻光能竞争,但仍然不能满足花生生长需要。